Advanced Glycation End-Products

What is it?: Advanced glycation end-products are the final result of glycation reactions, which is an uncontrolled (no enzyme) reaction where a sugar molecule covalently binds to a protein or lipid molecule.

Most Likely:
1) Increasing consumption of glucose (I would suspect any sugar) increases AGE formation within the body (1) (3) (10)
2) A constant state of hyperglycemia increases AGE formation within the body (1) (3) (10)
3) AGEs are pro-inflammatory (7) (8) (11)
4) AGEs play a role in development of diabetes (5) (9) (11)

Maybe: 

1) Higher levels of AGEs are an accurate biomarker for cancer (2) (8)
2) AGEs accelerate diabetic damage and complications, especially vascular complications (3) (12)

Theory:
1) Oxidative stress increases AGE formation (3)

2) AGEs play an active role in the biology of the lung (4)
3) Shorter cooking times, at lower temperatures, with lots of water decrease AGE formation in food (I suspect this to be true based on my limited chemistry knowledge) (6)
4) Only 10-15% of AGEs from food make it into the bloodstream




Contributing Studies: 

 
1) Hyperglycemia-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Increase Expression of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) and RAGE Ligands http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/59/1/249.full

2) Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) soluble form (sRAGE): a new biomarker for lung cancer
http://www.elis.sk/download_file.phpproduct_id=1669&session_id=8rhr5sub8bg8ug1km661r4tif4

3) Advanced glycation end products and the kidney http://ajprenal.physiology.org/content/289/4/F645.full

4) The Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) and the Lung
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jbb/2010/917108/

5) Advanced glycation end-products: Implications for diabetic and non-diabetic nephropathies http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1262363609001931#sec6

6) Advanced Glycation End Products in Foods and a Practical Guide to Their Reduction in the Diet
http://marshfieldceliac.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/5/7/2557865/ada_ages_in_food_reduction1.pdf

7) Expression of High-Mobility Group Box 1 and of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products in COP
http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/reprint/200903-0340OCv1

8) RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts), RAGE Ligands, and their role in Cancer and Inflammation
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2666642/

9) Smooth muscle cell pathophysiology and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20412043

10) Biologic Variability in Plasma Glucose, Hemoglobin A1c, and Advanced Glycation End Products Associated with Diabetes Complications
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2769979/?tool=pubmed

11) Advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress and diabetic nephropathy
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952094/?tool=pubmed

12) Role of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and oxidative stress in vascular complications in diabetes
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304416511000638

Studies that didn't contributed: (still good to read)

--Homodimerization Is Essential for the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE)-mediated Signal Transduction
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2906307/?tool=pubmed

--AGE, RAGE, and ROS in diabetic nephropathy
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17418682

--Advanced glycation end products and receptor-oxidative stress system in diabetic vascular complications
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19954478

--Therapeutic uses of drug-carrier systems for imidazole-containing dipeptide compounds that act as pharmacological chaperones and have significant impact on the treatment of chronic diseases associated with increased oxidative stress and the formation of advanced glycation end products
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20486899

--Induction of HO-1 and redox signaling in endothelial cells by advanced glycation end products: A role for Nrf2 in vascular protection in diabetes
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939475309003172

--Deletion of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Reduces Glomerulosclerosis and Preserves Renal Function in the Diabetic OVE26 Mouse
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2911065/?tool=pubmed